Systemic cardiac output (CO) is the product of left ventricular stroke volume and the heart rate (CO = SV x HR). I see CO…
In the world of perioperative and intensive care medicine, I’m surrounded by continuous monitors; however, it’s important to understand how monitors work (and the…
Hypothermia has a profound impact on the entire body – it compromises the immune system leading to a higher risk of post-operative wound infections,…
The peripheral nerve stimulator can deliver different types of stimuli to elicit an assessment of the depth of neuromuscular blockade. This is an important…
The bispectral index (BIS) monitor is a noninvasive derivative of the electroencephalogram (EEG) used to assess the depth of anesthesia to help prevent intraoperative…
Described over a 100 years ago, pulse contour analysis was purported to be a surrogate for cardiac output. In this technique, the area under…