Education
Gas Flowmeters
Variable area flowmeters consist of a tapered, vertically-oriented tube with the smallest diameter at the base and largest at the top. As a result, the cross-sectional area of the tube changes based on height....
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Education
Hyponatremia Correction For Hyperglycemia
Sodium is the primary cation (positive-charged ion) in the extracellular space. Therefore, dilutional hyponatremia can occur if free water is added to the extracellular space from fluid shifts and infusions.
Let's look at this basic...
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Education
Olanzapine
Olanzapine (Zyprexa) is a second-generation ("atypical") antipsychotic that can be administered as an oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) or intramuscular (IM) injection. Like most antipsychotics, olanzapine works by blocking postsynaptic dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5HT2)...
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Medical
Gentamicin
Gentamicin is an intravenous, intramuscular, and topical aminoglycoside bactericidal antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. By binding the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, proteins are improperly translated leading to bacterial...
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Medical
Promethazine
Promethazine (Phenergan) is an oral, intramuscular (IM), rectal, and intravenous (albeit with caution!) phenothiazine derivative that is both a first-generation antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonism) and a weak typical antipsychotic (D2 receptor antagonism). It also...
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Medical
Loop Diuretic Threshold And Ceiling Doses
Loop diuretics like furosemide (Lasix) and bumetanide (Bumex) block the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This interferes with concentrating the renal medulla, and...
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Medical
Polymyxin B
Polymyxin B is a "last-line" antibiotic primarily used to treat hospital-acquired gram-negative infections that are resistant to essentially all other conventional antibiotics. As an intensivist, I've had to use polymyxin B for two very...
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Education
TEVAR For Aorto-Esophageal Fistula
Aorta-esophageal fistula is an abnormal communication between the aorta and esophagus leading to life-threatening exsanguination via the GI tract. This can be caused by procedures (e.g., weeks following cardiac arrhythmia ablation), malignancy, foreign body,...
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