As with any procedure, cardiac surgery carries risks that are explained to patients by their surgical team. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Short-Term Operative Risk Calculator provides clinicians with a way to anchor these discussions. It uses data from hundreds of thousands of cardiac operations to estimate the chance of…
Gerbode defects create an abnormal communication between the high-pressure left ventricle (LV) and the right atrium (RA), thereby completely bypassing the right ventricle. That pathway sets up a distinctive left-to-right shunt with hemodynamics that can be subtle or profoundly destabilizing, depending on the size of the communication and the clinical…
Boerhaave syndrome, first described by the Dutch physician Hermann Boerhaave in 1724, is a life-threatening condition involving spontaneous esophageal perforation from a sudden, forceful increase in intraesophageal pressure against a closed glottis (e.g., intense vomiting, retching, or straining). The most common perforation site is the esophagus’s distal third, particularly along…
A pericardial window is a surgical procedure designed to relieve pressure caused by fluid accumulation around the heart, known as pericardial effusion. This fluid can lead to cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition where the heart’s ability to fill and maintain a cardiac output is jeopardized. Compared to a pericardiocentesis, where a needle is…
Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is a rare vascular anomaly typically involving a right-sided aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery. However, variations like a left-sided arch with an aberrant right subclavian artery exist. This condition results from the persistence of an embryonic vascular remnant – the dorsal segment of an…
The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small pouch located within the pericardium close to the left ventricular free wall and in continuity with the upper body of the left atrium (LA). Due to its compliance and anatomic location, it serves as a decompression chamber when the LA pressure is…
Tracheoinnominate fistulas (TIFs) are rare (0.1 – 1% incidence) but potentially life-threatening complications of tracheostomy. A TIF occurs when communication forms between the trachea and the innominate (“brachiocephalic”) artery leading to potentially fatal bleeding and airway compromise. Patients at higher risk for TIFs include those who require prolonged mechanical ventilation,…
Bentall procedure is a complex surgical procedure that involves the replacement of the aortic valve, ascending aorta, and aortic root with a prosthetic valve conduit. This procedure commonly treats patients with aortic aneurysms, aortic dissection, or aortic valve disease. The Bentall procedure was first introduced in 1968 by Dr. Hugh…
As a cardiac anesthesiologist and cardiovascular intensivist, I routinely care for perioperative cardiac surgery patients in my OR and ICU practices. If I were to look at the “I&Os” (intake and output) to estimate how “net positive” a patient is for their hospital admission without breaking down the types of…
Fluorescein is a dye that is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications. For example, it is often used as a diagnostic tool to help identify and treat eye conditions and visualize blood flow in the body. In the eye, fluorescein detects and diagnoses conditions such as corneal…