anatomy
Medical
The Pringles Mitral Valve
The mitral valve's complex geometry is usually described as a "saddle shape", but I definitely prefer the comparison to Pringles chips! Here's an illustration showing the relevant mitral anatomy. No Pringles were harmed in...
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Education
The Endothelial Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is a surface layer of proteins lining the luminal (blood-containing) side of vascular endothelium. It plays an important role as a vascular barrier, provides structural support, facilitates cellular interactions, mitigates vasomotor tone,...
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Education
Bovine Aortic Arch
Over a dozen different aortic arch great vessel configurations have been described in humans. I’ve illustrated the two most common types in this diagram. The “normal” aortic arch gives rise to three “great vessels.”...
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Education
The Heart’s Fibrous Skeleton
There’s a complex yet beautiful architecture within the heart's fibrous skeleton and valvular geometry. To become a proficient perioperative echocardiographer, one must understand these spatial relationships in three dimensions and the implications that specific...
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Education
Neuraxial Anesthetics And Anatomy
Understanding neuraxial anatomy is an essential part to successfully perform epidural and spinal (intrathecal) anesthetics. Here's a schematic outlining the layers we encounter when performing these procedures:
A: skin
B: subcutaneous tissue
C: supraspinous ligament
D: interspinous ligament
E:...
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Education
Layers Of The Scalp
Do you know the mnemonic “SCALP” for the five layers of the scalp?
The skin layer is relatively thick and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and apocrine sweat glands.The connective tissue layer has a dense,...
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Education
Bronchopulmonary Segments
Anatomically, the trachea extends from the cricoid cartilage (level of C6/C7) to the carina (T4/T5) and is reinforced anteriorly by approximately 20 semicircular, cartilaginous rings. The trachea divides into the right and left mainstem...
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Education
Reading Chest X-Rays
Reading a chest x-ray (CXR) is an incredibly important aspect of acute care medicine and a skill that all healthcare providers should at least have some comfort in doing. The key for interpreting any radiographic...
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